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With this paper we participate to the call for ideas issued by the European Space Agency to define the Science Program and plan for space missions from 2035 to 2050. In particular we present five science cases where major advancem...
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With this paper we participate to the call for ideas issued by the European Space Agency to define the Science Program and plan for space missions from 2035 to 2050. In particular we present five science cases where major advancements can be achieved thanks to space-based spectroscopic observations at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. We discuss the possibility to (1) unveil the large-scale structures and cosmic web in emission at redshift less than or similar to 1.7; (2) study the exchange of baryons between galaxies and their surroundings to understand the contribution of the circumgalactic gas to the evolution and angular-momentum build-up of galaxies; (3) constrain the efficiency of ram-pressure stripping in removing gas from galaxies and its role in quenching star formation; (4) characterize the progenitor population of core-collapse supernovae to reveal the explosion mechanisms of stars; (5) target accreting white dwarfs in globular clusters to determine their evolution and fate. These science themes can be addressed thanks to UV (wavelength range lambda similar to 90-350 nm) observations carried out with a panoramic integral field spectrograph (field of view similar to 1x1\ arcmin(2)), and medium spectral (R = 4000) and spatial (similar to 1 ''-3 '') resolution. Such a UV-optimized instrument will be unique in the coming years, when most of the new large facilities such as the Extremely Large Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope are optimized for infrared wavelengths.
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We examine temporary workers' differential extra-role behaviors (ERBs) towards their client and employer; if this varied with the motivation of the worker for being temporary, whether these ERBs are affected by firms' relationship...
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We examine temporary workers' differential extra-role behaviors (ERBs) towards their client and employer; if this varied with the motivation of the worker for being temporary, whether these ERBs are affected by firms' relationship management practices; and whether the ERBs aimed at the client and the employer impact subsequent outcomes. Results showed that temporary workers' motivations are differentially related to agency and client directed ERBs. Agency ERBs were related to longer tenure with the agency, while client ERBs were associated with faster wage growth and more hours worked per week. Organizational relationship management practices elicit different client and agency directed ERBs.
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Chronic pain is a common squealae of military- and terror-related injuries. While its pathophysiology has not yet been fully elucidated, it may be potentially related to premorbid neuropsychobiological status, as well as to the ty...
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Chronic pain is a common squealae of military- and terror-related injuries. While its pathophysiology has not yet been fully elucidated, it may be potentially related to premorbid neuropsychobiological status, as well as to the type of injury and to the neural alterations that it may evoke. Accordingly, optimized approaches for wounded individuals should integrate primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in the form of thorough evaluation of risk factors along with specific interventions to contravene and mitigate the ensuing chronicity. Thus, Premorbid Events phase may encompass assessments of psychological and neurobiological vulnerability factors in conjunction with fostering preparedness and resilience in both military and civilian populations at risk. Injuries per se phase calls for immediate treatment of acute pain in the field by pharmacological agents that spare and even enhance coping and adaptive capabilities. The key objective of the Post Injury Events is to prevent and/or reverse maladaptive peripheral- and central neural system's processes that mediate transformation of acute to chronic pain and to incorporate timely interventions for concomitant mental health problems including post-traumatic stress disorder and addiction We suggest that the proposed continuum of care may avert more disability and suffering than the currently employed less integrated strategies. While the requirements of the armed forces present a pressing need for this integrated continuum and a framework in which it can be most readily implemented, this approach may be also instrumental for the care of civilian casualties. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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IntroductionIn Malaysia, -thalassaemia is a common inherited blood disorder in haemoglobin synthesis with a carrier rate of 4.5%. Currently, PCR-incorporating techniques such as amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) or r...
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IntroductionIn Malaysia, -thalassaemia is a common inherited blood disorder in haemoglobin synthesis with a carrier rate of 4.5%. Currently, PCR-incorporating techniques such as amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) or reverse dot blot hybridization (RDBH) are used in -thalassaemia mutation detection. ARMS allows single-mutation identification using two reactions, one for wild type and another for mutant alleles. RDBH requires probe immobilization and optimization of hybridization and washing temperatures which is time consuming. The aim of our study was to investigate whether -thalassaemia mutations can be identified in samples with low DNA concentrations.
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The nitrogen (N) use efficiency of field vegetable production systems needs to be increased in order to, reduce the detrimental effects of N losses on other ecosystems, save on production costs, and meet the limits set by the Germ...
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The nitrogen (N) use efficiency of field vegetable production systems needs to be increased in order to, reduce the detrimental effects of N losses on other ecosystems, save on production costs, and meet the limits set by the German government concerning N balance surpluses. Winter catch crops (CCs) have been shown to be a useful tool for reducing N losses in many agricultural production systems. This study was designed to test the effects of different CCs: rye (Secale cereale L.), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers.), bunch onion (Allium cepa L.), and sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Stapf), planted at different sowing dates (early, late), on the N balance of 2-year vegetable crop rotation systems. The crop rotations started with a cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) crop, which was fertilized with N in a conventional manner. The experiments took place at three different sites in Germany. Results revealed that the average N balance surplus, when taking into consideration, fertilization, soil mineral N, and aboveground plant biomass N, was 217 kg N ha-1 in the control treatments without a CC. This high value was mainly a consequence of large quantities of crop N and soil mineral N remaining after the harvest of the cauliflower. In spite of these high N surpluses, the application of CC only reduced the N balance surplus, on average across all sites and experiments, by 13 kg N ha-1, when compared to the control treatments. The type of CC and the sowing date had only minor effects on the N balance. The findings of this study suggest that for many sites the application of CCs does not solve the problem of high N balance surpluses in intensive field vegetable production systems.CAS Registry Numbers 7727-37-9
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Applications with temperatures higher than the melting point of eutectic tin–lead solder (183 $^{circ}hbox{C}$) require high-melting-point solders. However, they are expensive and not widely available. With the adoption of lead-f...
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Applications with temperatures higher than the melting point of eutectic tin–lead solder (183 $^{circ}hbox{C}$) require high-melting-point solders. However, they are expensive and not widely available. With the adoption of lead-free legislation, first in Europe and then in many other countries, the electronics industry has transitioned from eutectic tin–lead to lead-free solders that have higher melting points. This higher melting point presents an opportunity for the manufacturers of high-temperature electronics to shift to mainstream lead-free solders. In this paper, ball grid arrays (BGAs), quad flat packages, and surface mount resistors assembled with SAC305 (96.5%Sn+3.0%Ag+0.5Cu) and Sn3.5Ag (96.5%Sn+3.5%Ag) solder pastes were subjected to thermal cycling from $-hbox{40} ^{circ} hbox{C}$ to 185 $^{circ}hbox{C}$. Commercially available electroless nickel immersion gold board finish was compared to custom Sn-based board finish designed for high temperatures. The data analysis showed that the type of solder paste and board finish used did not have an impact on the reliability of BGA solder joints. The failure analysis revealed the failure site to be on the package side of the solder joint. The evolution of intermetallic compounds after thermal cycling was analyzed.
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Introduction: Alpha thalassaemia is a highly prevalent disease globally and is a well-known public health problem in Malaysia. The deletional forms of the mutation are the most common forms found in alpha thalassacmia. The three m...
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Introduction: Alpha thalassaemia is a highly prevalent disease globally and is a well-known public health problem in Malaysia. The deletional forms of the mutation are the most common forms found in alpha thalassacmia. The three most common deletional alpha thalassacmia found in this region include --(SEA) deletion, -alpha(3 7) rightward and -74 2 leftward deletions. The prevalence rate of triplication alpha cases such as alpha alpha alpha(anti3.7) and alpha alpha alpha(anti4.2) is not known in Malaysia although it plays a role in exacerbating the clinical phenotypes in beta thalassaemia carriers. Recently, there have been more reported cases of rare alpha thalassacmia mutations due to the advancement of molecular techniques involved in thalassacmia detections. Therefore, it is essential to develop a new method which allows the detection of different alpha thalassaemia minas including the rare ones simultaneously arid accurately.
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Considering that adventitious root formation (ARF) relies on adequate supply of carbon, the objectives of this study were (I) to evaluate how CO2 assimilation contributes to the carbon balance of petunia cuttings and (II) to study...
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Considering that adventitious root formation (ARF) relies on adequate supply of carbon, the objectives of this study were (I) to evaluate how CO2 assimilation contributes to the carbon balance of petunia cuttings and (II) to study the extent to which CO2 assimilation depends on the progress of ARF and environmental key factors. CO2 gas exchange and dry matter production of Petunia hybrida 'Mitchell' cuttings were monitored in a specifically designed multiple open chamber system using plastic covered rooting trays as measuring cuvettes connected to an infrared CO2 sensor. Excised cuttings were rooted for two weeks in a growth chamber at 22/20 degrees C (day/night) at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 100 micro mol m-2 s-1 and a CO2 concentration of approximately 400 ppm. An increase in dry matter of 186 mg per cutting, or 158% of the initial dry matter, reflected high carbon assimilation. Whilst the shoot dry matter of cuttings increased substantially in the very first week root dry matter growth was not observed until day seven after planting. The short-term response of CO2 gas exchange to environmental conditions revealed that net photosynthesis (PN) enhanced with increasing PPFD, with a maximum PN of 7.8 micro mol m-2 s-1. Temperature response curves exhibited only minor changes of PN; dark respiration (RD) increased considerably when the temperature was temporarily increased. Furthermore, cuttings responded to an increase in CO2 concentration from 300 to 1200 ppm by almost doubling PN. When cuttings were rooted permanently under PPFDs of 150 micro mol m-2 s-1 and 80 micro mol m-2 s-1 (22/20 degrees C day/night; CO2 concentration 400 ppm) PN and RD of cuttings at the higher PPFD were constantly higher than under the lower PPFD. The CO2 gas exchange of both treatments was relatively constant during ARF. The light response curves of PN differed after one week of exposure to the two light intensities. Light adaptation was comparable to that of stock plants measured using a portable infrared gas analyser equipped with a leaf chamber. The data indicates that petunia cuttings rooted under conditions frequently applied in young plant production in Central Europe show significant carbon assimilation from the first day onwards. The data also reveals that CO2 gas exchange under such conditions is not affected by ARF, but is subject to prevailing environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature and CO2 concentration.
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Rationale: Frailty represents an increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. The frailty phenotype conceptual model (three or more patient attributes of wasting, exhaustion, low activity, slowness, and weakness) is associa...
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Rationale: Frailty represents an increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. The frailty phenotype conceptual model (three or more patient attributes of wasting, exhaustion, low activity, slowness, and weakness) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in geriatric populations.
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Nutrient sources in soils are often heterogeneously distributed. Although many studies have examined the root responses to local N and P enrichments in the soil, less research was conducted on root responses to Mg patches. New roo...
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Nutrient sources in soils are often heterogeneously distributed. Although many studies have examined the root responses to local N and P enrichments in the soil, less research was conducted on root responses to Mg patches. New roots of pre-grown Mg-insufficient and Mg-sufficient plants of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were allowed to grow into four other pots of equal size, which were placed under the tree-bearing pot. Soils in the lower pots were either unfertilised, or supplied with Mg, or NPK or a mixture of NPKMg sources. Plants were harvested after 9 months of growth. Compared to the corresponding controls (Mg versus unfertilised and NPKMg versus NPK), Mg additions did not have a significant effect on either root dry matter, total root length (TRL) or specific root length (SRL), irrespective of tree species and plant Mg nutritional status. In contrast, NPK and NPKMg additions significantly increased the root dry matter and TRL in the nutrient-rich soil patch, and decreased SRL in Norway spruce. However, the observed root morphological changes did not occur in Scots pine. Root Mg concentrations were increased in Mg-rich soil patches, but those accumulations varied with tree species. Mg accumulation in a marked patch was measured only in newly grown roots of Mg-sufficient Norway spruce, whereas a more homogenous distribution of Mg concentration was observed for all newly grown roots in Mg-insufficient trees in the four soil treatments. In Scots pine, Mg accumulations occurred in both Mg-insufficient and Mg-sufficient plants. These results suggest that Mg patches in the soil may not lead to a local increase in root growth, but to Mg uptake and root Mg accumulation. Tree roots react differently to Mg patches in comparison to their response to N or P patches in the soil.
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